SUMMARY
A. Scope of Philosophy
B. Methods in Philosophy
1. Historical / historical method
This method is good because then the growth of that philosophy can be followed from the sum. However, it should be a bit long for the start and can lead to misunderstandings.2. Method Overview
This method forms the questions discussed in philosophy and describes the answers.
3. Systematic Method
This method seeks the meaning and purpose of human nature is how humans because of its nature will be the investigation that is usually called the philosophy and then sought the consequences
4. Combination Method
This method is a combination of these methods that is systematic, but can not be separated from history and by paying attention to the most important problems that arise for every human being who live conscious and able to use his mind
C. The Division of Philosophy
Here are some philosophical divisions according to some experts:1. Alcuinus, one of the figures of the "Scholastic Philosophy" in medieval times divided philosophy as follows:
a. The physics department that investigates whether the cause of something is there.
b. The ethical part that determines the order of life.
c. The logic part that seeks the basics to understand.
2. Al-Kindi thinkers in Islamic philosophy divide philosophy into three parts:
a. Physics, the lowest level
b. Science of mathematics, middle level
c. Divinity, the highest level
3. Al-Farabi and Ibn Sina divide the two parts of philosophy of theory and philosophy of practice.
4. Prof. DR. M. J. Langeveld divides philosophy into three problem environments:
a. The environment of state problems (metaphysics, humans and others)
b. Environmental problems of knowledge (theory of knowledge, theory of truth, logic).
c. Environmental value problems (value theory, ethics, aesthetics, values based on religion).
5. Prof. Alburey Castell divides philosophy into six parts as follows:
1. Problem theologies.
2. Metaphysical problems.
3. Epistymological problems.
4. Ethical issues.
5. Political problems.
6. Historical problems.
6. H.De Vos divides philosophy into nine classes as follows:
a. Logic
b. Metaphysics
c. The doctrine of science
d. Natural philosophy
e. Cultural philosophy
f. The philosophy of history.
g. Ethics
h. Aesthetics
i. Anthropology.
7. Plato distinguishes philosophy over three parts as follows:
a. Dialetics, about ideas or common meanings.
b. Physics, about the material world.
c. Ethics, about goodness.
8. Aristotle divides 4 branches:
a. logic
b. theoretical philosophy
c. practical philosophy
d. philosophy of peotics
D. Different Philosophy with Science and Religion
Differences philosophy with science and religion can be said as:
1. Philosophy probing, reading and thinking throughout the realm of reality and probing
relationships with one another. While other sciences investigate only a part of nature
2. Philosophy not only investigates cause and effect but investigates its essence whereas other science does not deal with cause and effect (event)
3. Philosophy in the discussion of what he is actually where it came from and where to go whereas
other science must answer how and why.
Science is descriptive of the object in order to find facts, techniques and tools. Philosophy not only illustrates something, it helps humans to make decisions about purpose, values and about what humans should do. Philosophy is not neutral, because objective factors play an important role in philosophizing. Science is analytical, science is only working on one field of knowledge as a formal object. While philosophy learns from science by emphasizing the whole of something (synoptis), because the whole has its own properties that do not exist in its parts.
DISCUSSION
A. Scope of Philosophy
Philosophy is a set of attitudes and beliefs on life and nature that baisanya received critically or thought of the beliefs and attitudes toward beliefs and attitudes that we highly uphold. As for the opinion of the experts on the philosophical sphere:1. On terms of understanding, terms and methods.
2. About there and no.
3. About nature, the world and everything.
4. Determine what is good and what is bad.
5. Human nature and its relationship with other fellow creatures.
6. God is not excluded.
The scope of philosophy is everything the field of the human mind is very luat. Everything that may exist and true, is real (real), both material abstract and non-material materially abstract (not seen). So the object of philosophy is infinite. The object of philosophical thought that is within the scope of the mausia of life, the universe and the natural surroundings is also the object of the philosophical thought of education.
B. Methods in Philosophy
The method of philosophy as a discipline of science and education has certain methods such as:a. Contemplative
Contemplating is thinking of something or everything, without the necessity of direct contact with the object, such as the meaning of life, truth, justice, beauty and so forth. Contemplating is a way to conform to the nature of philosophy, which is to think of everything deeply, in a state of serene silence and solemnity in solitude or when and wherever.b. Speculative
Also part of the contemplation / contemplation. Because through contemplation with a calmly critical mind, the general mind tends to analyze, connect between problems over and over again to the goal.c. Deductive
Philosophy uses the deductive method because philosophy seeks to find ultimate truth. Actually philosophy uses all methods to complement each other, in addition to complementing.Philosophy gave birth to science, but instead the development of thinking a person, through the process:
1. Level of the senses
2. Scientific level (rational critical, objective, systematic)
3. Philosophical level (reflective thinking)
4. Religious level
C. The Division of Philosophy
1. The division of philosophy according to the inductive charta. Metaphysics
(1) Fundamental metaphysics, that is criticism
(2) Systematic metaphysics, ie ontology and theodyca
b. Philosophy about:
(1) Nature, ie cosmology
(2) Man, that is anthropologia
c. Rational-logic philosophy
(1) General / formal logic, ie logic
(2) Special logic / material, that is philosophy of science.
d. Practical philosophy or about culture
(1) Practical philosophy (about the whole human activity)
a. Ethical philosophy, namely general ethics and special ethics
b. Philosophy of religion
(2) Cultural philosophy (of human outward deeds)
a. Common part: cultural philosophy
b. Particularly: the philosophy of language, art, law, education, human beings, and so on.
2. The division of philosophy according to the deductive chart
a. Knowledge is awareness of things, awareness of ourselves.
b. The recognition that I am there. Because if I had no way I could stand on the square and be aware of myself.
c. The recognition that my nature is conscious of myself, understanding myself, this is a spiritual aspect. But standing somewhere is a physical aspect.
d. The recognition of the world that I stepped on was in the square.
e. The judgment of this act means that in reality every act is good or bad, according to my nature or not according to my nature.
f. And on this act I am sure I must give account to my inner voice as a power deep within or above that ultimately against God.
In its new existence philosophy has several parts or branches are:
1. Logic, philosophy of thoughts and ways of thinking right or wrong.
2. Metaphysics, the philosophy of the nature that lies behind physics and transcendental nature that is beyond or beyond the reach of human experience.
3. Ethics, philosophy about good behavior patterns and bad.
4. Aesthetics, philosophy about patterns of taste or creation are beautiful and ugly.
5. Epistimology, the philosophy of science.
6. Other particular philosophies, the philosophy of language, the philosophy of art, the philosophy of engineering, the philosophy of economics, the philosophy of history, the philosophy of law, the philosophy of man, the philosophy of education, the philosophy of religion, the philosophy of social work and so on.
D. Differences Philosophy with the Science of Religion
The existence of philosophy is different from science.Science wants to know the cause and effect of something, while philosophy is not bound to one condition and does not want to be confined only to space and time in the discussion and investigation of the nature of something that becomes the object and the subject matter.
While religion is a manifestation of the truth and salvation of man to live in the world and the end.
It can be said that the difference between philosophy with science and religion is as follows:
1. Philosophy is the knowledge of non-empirical and nonpirmental obtained by human effort
2. Science is a collection of knowledge about a systematically organized fact of human effort conducted by investigation, observation, and experiment
3. Religion is a truth that comes from God's revelation of the various things of human life with its environment.
In general the differences between philosophy and science are:
1. Science is related to a limited field, philosophy tries to relate to the overall experience to gain a more comprehensive view of something.
2. Science uses an analytical and descriptive approach, while the philosophy of synthesis and synopsis, related to the nature and quality of nature and life as a whole.
3. Science analyzes the whole into sections, from organism to organs, philosophy tries to distinguish something in the form of synthesis that explains and searches for the meaning of something as a whole.
4. Science removes subjective subjective factors while philosophy is attracted to personality, values and all experiences.
5. Science is interested in the nature of things as they are, whereas philosophy is only interested in
the real parts, but also to the ideal possibilities of an object, its value and meaning.
6. Science examines nature, controls natural processes while the task of philosophy holds criticism, judges and coordinates goals.
7. Science emphasizes more on the description of phenomenal laws and causal relationships.
Philosophy is interested in matters relating to the "why" and "how" questions.
CONCLUSION
The scope of philosophy is all about the vast field of the human mind. Everything that may exist and true, is real (real), both material abstract and non-material materially abstract (not seen). So the object of philosophy is infinite. The object of philosophical thought that is within the scope of the human of life, the universe and the natural surroundings is also the object of the philosophical thought of education.
The existence of philosophy is different from science.
Science wants to know the cause and effect of something, while philosophy is not bound to one condition and does not want to be confined only to space and time in the discussion and investigation of the nature of something that becomes the object and the subject matter.
While religion is a manifestation of the truth and salvation of man to live in the world and the end.
It can be said that the difference between philosophy with science and religion is as follows:
1. Philosophy is the knowledge of non-empirical and nonpirmental obtained by human effort
2. Science is a collection of knowledge about a systematically organized fact of human effort conducted by investigation, observation, and experiment
3. Religion is a truth that comes from God's revelation of the various things of human life with its environment.
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